Human Nature A Compilation of Many Definitions - 975 Words

Human nature is a widely controversial term, because it is so broad. Philosophers, writers, and thinkers throughout time have debated exactly what â€Å"human nature† refers to. Locke, Rousseau and Freud have very differing opinions on human nature. Although in some cases, they seem to contradict each other, the core roots of these three opinions can actually fit together to form a well-rounded definition of human nature: Humans are free at birth, with just primitive, instinctual needs, free to take justice into their own hands. After eventually entering society for safety, there are many more ideas and rules to be interpreted, so humans figure out how to cope with a civilized society, and still deal their natural instincts. This definition of human nature compiles three very different people’s theories, but because it works with three separate definitions, it actually covers all the bases in defining human nature. Locke’s ideas about human nature are spread throughout many of his works. He explains that humans in a natural state are in â€Å"a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature; without asking leave, or depending upon the will of any other man† (T 110). So essentially, before civilization, humans were absolutely free, and if someone were to wrong someone else, they would be free to punish them as they saw fit. 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Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system that replaces or augments the traditionally paper-based reference materials and documents used on a flight deck. EFB comprises of both the harware and software used to provide this service. It however does not include Personal Data Assistants (PDAs), Calculators etc which are personal belongings of crewmembers. We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system or any similar topic only for you Order Now These personal belongings are tagged Personal Electronic Devices (PED).[1] EFBs were developed in the early 1990s. The market for EFBs underwent a geometric increase after the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) published a circular on EFB giving guidelines for certification, airworthiness and operational approval. [2] Today, EFBs come in a variety of forms with variying software/harware capabilities. They have not only provided the basic information needed on the flight deck but also serve as a medium to communicate new information to the flight deck. The EFB is an integral part of flight operating procedures and full training is required to utilise all its functionalities. The sensitivity of information derived from the EFB cannot be overemphasised and as such care must be taken by its operator to verify that such information are accurate and derived from verifiable and reliable sources. The EFB is manned by an EFB Administrator. EFB Administrator is in charge of the EFB hardware and software. His responsibilities include ensuring that the hardware meets the required specifications and also that the current software applications for maximum yield is installed. He is also in charge of the EFB’s hardware that no unauthorised user accesses it and that no unauthorised user amends information on the EFB’s software. The latest EFB are broad in their mode of operations. They correspond in near real-time to ground structures for example maintenance management, crew roaster and briefing, flight scheduling and safety organization. Pilots could have the capability to annotate and archive electronically distributed flight plans post-flight and read/acknowledge electronic noticies; provide two-way messaging between pilots and ground staff; allows flight support staff to wirelessly transmit last-minute updates or revisions to aircraft anywhere in the world. CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS Electronic Flight Bags fall into three hardware classes: Class 1: Considered as a controlled Personal Electronic Devices, these are generally commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)-based computer systems used for aircraft operations e.g. a laptop or pen tablet PC loaded with appropriate electronic approach plates, charts and other flight planning software. They are portable and are loaded with data (such as chart updates, weather forecasts and flight reports) outside the aircraft and carried on board by the pilot. They are not attached to an aircraft mounting device but can connect to aircraft power through a certified power source. They are normally without aircraft data connectivity except under specific condition. This class of EFB systems do not require airworthiness approval. Class 2: Considered as controlled PED, these are commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS)-based computer systems that have been modified by their resellers to include appropriate software and hardware to enable them work with the avionics, particularly the GPS. They are portable and pilots can take them outside the aircraft, they are connected to an aircraft mounting device during normal operations. They provide access to aircraft data and to an optional airborne network server that can be connected to an Airport Terminal Wireless LAN Unit and satellite avionics as well as the ACARS unit. This class of EFB systems require airworthiness approval. Class 3: These are EFB systems purposely designed and built for use in the cockpit, they are able to access critical systems requiring heavier certification. These: display the aircraft position on airport runways and the position of surrounding aircraft connect to airborne file servers linked to various aircraft communication systems, providing real-time weather information integrate into the airline’s operational systems, providing performance information, technical data and crew information. Applications that run on Electronic Flight Bags The applications run on Electronic Flight Bags are categorized in three software categories which are Type A, Type B and Type C. Type A These include: Static applications, such as document viewer (PDF, HTML, XML formats); Electronic checklists (ECL); Flight Crew Operating Manuals, and other printed documents like airport NOTAM; Flight performance calculation; Type B These include: Non-interactive electronic approach charts or approach charts that require panning, zooming, scrolling; (AC120-76A, App B) Head-down display for Enhanced Vision System (EVS), Synthetic Vision System (SVS) or video cameras; Real-time weather data display, including weather map; Type C Can be used as a Multi-function display (MFD) in at least one case as part of an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast system. Type C applications are subject to airworthiness requirements, such as software certification. Type C applications must run on Class 3 EFB. BENEFITS OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS The following are some of the benefits derived from the use of EFB systems: Weight reduction: The incorporation of EFB systems reduces the amount paper in the cockpit, which decreases weight and cuts down clutter: Indexing: This allows quick and easy access to information Improved maintenance readiness Increased efficiency of operations Improved aircraft-to-ground data transfer that is near real-time, highly resilient and secure Keep information up-to-date, enabling easy document revision (e.g., through wireless data transfer) Reduce time, cost and workload required to update documents Reduce fuel and maintenance costs by using accurate take-off and landing calculations Improve safety and punctuality with onboard performance calculations Increase payload with real-time performance calculations Improve routing decisions by accessing real-time weather information FEATURES OF LATEST TYPES OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT BAGS Some of the features and advantages of the latest types of EFB systems are: They are designed to offer exceptional readability in all cockpit ambient light conditions for charts, documents, weather data or other electronic data. They increase situational awareness in-flight with en-route, approach charts, moving map display, graphical weather information. Enabling pre-flight scheduling and efficient right of entry to up-to-date aircraft documentation, checklists, and operational scheduling information improves productivity Compact, light weight design enables easy installation in a variety of cockpits. There is also additional line select keys, which the EFB offers a â€Å"film-on-glass† touch-sensitive screen giving pilots a choice when accessing or navigating through EFB software applications The functionalities of the Application Manager capabilities include the following: Electronic Tech Log – this a log with all technical a data entries, pattern of workflow control to guarantee quality of the aircraft release procedure and quick-entry tools for fault logging; ARINC 429 compatible Journey Log – this section of the log keeps records of crew hour, tracking the location and time left on the journey and it also records data and data capture, including ground-service usage, block times and fuel uplifts Flight Library –. There’s a complete navigational support which is reliable and booked marked with search facilities that will reduce pilots’ time to find and access necessary information Flight Folder – this is a folder has capacity for pilots to make notes on and this archive is electronically distributed flight strategy post-flight and read / accept electronic notices; it is also endow with two-way messaging between pilots and ground staff; permits flight support staff to wirelessly transmit last-minute updates or revisions to aircraft anywhere in the world Forms Library – with these flexible data-capture through airline-configured form templates it allows keyboard or pen entry, attachments, comments and pictures; with simple validation rules certify data quality; form data is sent wirelessly to the proper recipient Charts, Weather, and CCTV – An easy and fast integration of specialist tools for performance, charts, weather and closed-circuit TV allow you to change stuff whenever you choose. DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC FLIGHT CONTROL BAGS Usability: EFB systems come in different shapes and forms and because there are no â€Å"standard† or â€Å"fixed† specifications with respect to dimensions, some may be difficult to use by the pilot during flight. For example, a large flip-top laptop used as EFB may be too bulky and awkward to work with in the cockpit; similarly, a tiny PDA may have a keypad which pose a difficulty in data entry or a screen size too small to be read at a particular distance. Some EFB systems may even have greater advantages in some situations than others. Complexity: EFB systems incorporate several functions into their make up, thus making it complex. This complex nature may make it difficult to use. Some may even require their users to undergo special training sessions before using them. Costs: EFB systems can have high initial/installation costs, especially class 3 EFB. Some EFB systems may require the purchase and installation of additional software to make them work. Legal requirements: Legal issues such as non-interference requirements, evaluation and certification approval have to be taken into account in the use of EFB systems. For example, Class 3 EFB systems are required to meet the same certification requirements of any avionics product. Technical issues: As with almost all electronic devices, some technical difficulties may be encountered in their use e.g. battery life, availability of backlight in case of use in the low lighting conditions, usability in certain weather conditions, etc. Data integrity: Typically, EFB systems accept data as input, processes the data and gives result as output. If the data fed into it is inaccurate, it gives wrong results. FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE SELECTION OF EFB SYSTEMS The non-standard and personalised nature of some of EFB systems can make the process of selection of an appropriate system a challenge. The high initial and/or installation costs of EFB systems do not make this process any easier. While EFB systems are designed to have the primary objective of replacing or augmenting the traditionally paper-based reference materials and documents used on a flight deck, other factors are worth considering before investing in them. Bitterfield (2010) shows a â€Å"decision matrix† which is a compilation of factors in the form of questions to consider before selecting an appropriate EFB system: Questions to ask before selecting an EFB system: Initial purchase cost Annual subscription cost Software Features that you must have Flight Planning (on/offline) VFR Charts IFR Charts Low Enroute Approach Plates/Procedures Airport Directory of one kind or another (AFD or AOPA) Do you fly above 18KIf so high-enroute. Good to have if you have a turbo and might need one day. How long does it take to update the information Subscription What is included Is it priced by region/country Do I pay for everything ala-carte Hardware Features Can I buy my own hardware What is the warranty How is warranty work done What platform(PC/iPAD/Proprietary) Is an SSD Required (Do you fly above 10k’ regularly?) External USB port for Jeppesen / King updater Screen Brightness SUPER BRIGHT for Canopy Moderate Bright for Low Wing Regular screen for High Wing GPS Can the GPS be used in flight(AC 92.21) Does it work with your aircraft (Hi/low wing) How long does the battery last(Recommend a 4hr). Heavy use of transmitters Bluetooth , WiFi, or 3G limit battery life Weather (Is it an option) XM [ Paid ] ADS-B [Free ] What does the receiver cost Terrain(Is it an option) Do I need it Might already be in my 430/530. What is my total cost of ownership for the year CONCLUSION Since the advent of the computer age, the world has been tending more and more towards digitization and computerization of systems. The aviation industry has not been an exception to this and among the evidences that support this opinion is the emergence of EFB systems. While the total replacement of the use of traditional paper-based documents and reference material in the cockpit may not immediately be in sight, current trends seem to show that EFB systems are here to stay. Based on the arguments presented in this essay, it is safe to say that the implementation of EFB systems takes other factors into consideration in order to be effective and it will be of use for the aviator to be aware and consider some of those factors before venturing into investing in EFB systems. REFERENCES Isle of man Aircraft Registry 27th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences Bitterfield, Colin (2010) How to Select an Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Available at: http://mooniacs.blogspot.com/2010/09/how-to-select-electronic-flight-bag-efb.html (Accessed: March 31, 2011) Smith, Dale (no date) What’s New With Electronic Flight Bags[Online] Available at: http://www.aeapilotsguide.com/pdf/03_Archive/AEAPG03EFBs.pdf (Accessed: March 31, 2011) Teledyne Controls (2010) Electronic Flight Bags (EFB) Available at: http://www.teledyne-controls.com/productsolution/efb/benefits.asp (Accessed: March 31, 2011) How to cite Electronic Flight Bags is a term used to describe a computer-based system, Essay examples

Application of Background Methodology free essay sample

In addition, childhood obesity can adversely affect social and economic development and lead to adult obesity causing more adverse health conditions. The costs of treating obesity in the United States are steadily increasing. Estimates show the direct and indirect costs associated with treating obesity was near $139 billion in 2003 (Li, Hooker, 2010). The focus of this paper is to examine a peer-reviewed research article conducted by Ji Li, PhD. and Neal Hooker PhD published in the Journal of School Health, to show how the application of background and methodology of the research process can be applied to problems in health care. By examining the purpose of the study, the hypothesis, the variables employed, and the framework used to guide the study, a better understanding of the research process will be gained. Study Purpose Schools have been the subject of many research studies regarding childhood obesity. Surveys have examined issues such as race, ethnicity, and gender-specific differences relating to issues such as how television viewing affects weight gain and how physical activity effects academic achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of Background Methodology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) School Breakfast Program (SBP) and have been the subject of many studies (Li, Hooker, 2010). The studies examined food choices; comparing the nutritional content of program meals to other competitive food choices available in the cafeteria. A different study observed the effect of NSLP eligibility and food insecurities on child welfare. The results of the study indicated no evidence of benefit associated with participation in the NSLP and child well-being (Li, Hooker, 2010). Past research, associating childhood obesity and school-related programs and activities have been limited. The research did not differentiate between either public or private school types or were only composed of public school findings. Moreover, past research studies have employed only limited perspectives on the issue. The purpose of this article’s study is to delve further into the effects family, school, and community play on childhood obesity in hopes of understanding better the correlation (Li, Hooker, 2010). By doing so administrators of health care will be better equipped to advise parents, educators, and policies makers of the importance of wellness and nutrition among school-aged children. Research Questions Many questions are posed in this study. The main question asked is, what is the correlation, if any, between school type, physical activity, participation in the NSLP, and other independent variables on body mass index (BMI) of children living in the United States? In addition, does the type of school, public or private, make a difference in the BMI of children? Last, does the physical activity level of the parents have an effect on a child’s BMI (Li, Hooker, 2010)? Hypotheses This hypothesis of the study is not clearly stated within the article although the reading suggests there are several. The study suggests that children living in lower socioeconomic households and qualifying for the NSLP have greater chance of becoming obese. Children who attend public schools are more at risk of becoming overweight than those who attend private schools. In addition, children whose parents are physically active have less chance of becoming overweight. Last, parental education levels, smoking habits, and employment status can affect a child’s weight (Li, Hooker, 2010). Study Variables To analyze how various factors effect childhood obesity, information was gathered about the children’s schools, families, communities, and daily activities from the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH). These sociodemographic independent variables include such information as the child’s age, gender, race, primary spoken language, physical activity level, television use, time spend playing computer games, extracurricular ctivities, and participation in the free or reduced lunch program (Li, Hooker, 2010). Information about parental activities such as smoking practices, employment status, and education, economic, and activity levels were also included. The dependent variable body BMI was used as the measure of obesity. BMI can be defined as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. This method of measu rement is widely used by health providers to determine physical development (Li, Hooker, 2010). Conceptual Model or Theoretical Framework The conceptual model used to understand the results of the study and to determine its empirical and scientific effectiveness, studies the relationships between childhood obesity and factors that contribute to the problem. By considering the multidimensional perspectives surrounding the lives of children in the United States, the effects on BMI as a measure of obesity can prove probable correlations. This study first applied a nonlinear regression model to survey data to examine important relationships. Next, the study constructed three model specifications to investigate the effects of the NSLP (Li, Hooker, 2010). Last, discoveries were analyzed regarding the factors influencing the child’s probability for becoming overweight (Li, Hooker, 2010). The conceptual model of the study provides correlations between socioeconomic status (SES) and other factors and childhood obesity by providing supporting facts. Review of Related Literature A review of the literature cited supports the need for this study. Research by Ogden, Carroll, and Flegal (2008) proves the BMI of children and adolescents in the United States are increasing steadily. A related study by Bouchard (1997) shows the relationship between childhood and adult obesity. In addition, the reference to Dietz (2004) shows that obesity can cause serious illness in children such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The high cost associated with treating obesity in the United States proves the need for further study into the problems associated to childhood obesity (Finkelstein, Ruhm, Kosa, 2005). Study Design The study design employed was quantitative, consisting of data gathered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) 2003 and 2004 NSCH. The State and Local Area Integrated Telephone Survey Program was used to survey and investigate the physical and psychological health status of children age birth to 17 (Li, Hooker, 2010). The households were randomly selected with the screening question of the presence of children under age 18 in the household was used. Observations of 62,880 children from different households living in the United States were studied through the value of BMI (Li, Hooker, 2010). Conclusion The article from the Journal of School Health contains research collected from the NSCH conducted by the CDC to investigate the associations between children attending public and private schools, student eligibility for the free or reduced-cost meal programs, and family SES on children’s BMI (Li, Hooker, 2010). Issues such as parent education and activity level in addition to child television and video game use are noted as possible associative factors that may lead to childhood obesity. The research further illustrates the implications for school health policy and its need for wellness curricula to promote healthy eating and physical exercise (Li, Hooker, 2010). By examining the background and methodology used in the creation of this study, one can see how the data was used to help formulate and prove the hypotheses giving a greater understanding of the research process.

Racism in American History X Essay Example

Racism in American History X Paper Racism in American History X â€Å"Get the fuck out of my house! † exclaims Derek as he pulls down his wife-beater to reveal a swastika tattoo, â€Å"See this? That means not welcome. † American History X, directed by Tony Kaye, is a movie about the transformation of Derek Vinyard: a young neo-Nazi skinhead. Derek’s father, Dennis Vinyard, was a middle-class fireman who disagreed with many of the ideological changes–such as affirmative â€Å"black† action–happening in America at the time. His father died while trying to put out a fire in a minority community. Derek essentially put the blame on the minorities for his father’s death as he says in the news interview: â€Å"Decent hard working Americans like my dad are getting rubbed out by these social parasites†. The death of a loved one is never an easy thing to go through. Derek felt that somebody else was responsible for the death other than his father. From then on this racist ideology stuck with Derek until his eventual murder of two black thugs, which got him sent to jail for three years. During the second dinner scene before the murder, the family argues about the recent Rodney King incident. In the argument, Derek’s close-minded ideology and oversimplification of the issue leads him to commit several logical fallacies, such as double standard, false dilemma, and red herring. Derek uses the double standard fallacy extensively throughout this scene. His ideology plays a major role in his reasoning: â€Å"That’s crap. I don’t buy that for a minute†¦ the fact that these people ripped off the stores in their own communities–all that reflects is that these people absolutely have no respect for the law at all and certainly no concept of community or civic responsibility† Derek begins by poisoning the well. He exclaims that the previous point made by Murray was â€Å"crap†. Derek sees minorities as having no respect because they ripped off their own kind and seemingly explains that the reason these people commit these crimes is because they have no concept of community or responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in American History X specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in American History X specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in American History X specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now wait a minute. Murray makes a good point that, â€Å"white people commit crimes against white people, too. † And that is where the double standard comes in. Earlier in the movie Derek convinces his gang to loot the local grocery store in his community because â€Å"now some fucking Korean owns it†. Instead of just telling the gang to hate black, hispanic, asian people because they are of that race, he makes speeches, telling them charismatically and passionately how these people are stealing their jobs, causing Americans to suffer a poor standard of living. Although his act wasn’t a crime between people of the same race, it was still obviously committed with no concept of community because it was fueled by racist ideology. Derek justifies this act of civil disobedience by blaming the government for allowing so many illegal immigrants across the border. In summary, Derek labels this same act of rioting differently depending on the race of people who commit the act. Subsequent to the previous fallacy, Derek presents the family with a false dilemma as to why black people tend to commit crime. â€Å"Look at the statistics for Christ’s sake. One in every three black males is in some phase of the correctional system. Is that a coincidence, or do these people have like a racial commitment to crime? † Derek’s first reason is that it may just be a coincidence, while his second reason is pretty much an accusation against the African American race. Derek proposes two and only two alternatives for consideration when many more underlying factors exist. For example Davina Vinyard makes a point that there could be social inequalities–like poverty or education level–that may differ between races. And Murray also adds that the statistic could also be due to a large amount of prejudice in the justice system towards race. For instance Derek’s black friend in jail was accused of assault and sentenced to six years because he dropped a stolen TV on the policeman’s foot. Derek oversimplifies the issue by presenting two reasons and fails to acknowledge any of the underlying factors that may be in play to produce the statistic. Finally, near the end of the conversation Derek uses the red herring fallacy to further support his radical view. If Rodney King had been driving along, hopped up on Chivas Regal and PCP and had killed Danny, you’d be singing a very different tune about the force of those cops. † In order to prove his point that King deserved the beating for what he had done, Derek presents the situation in a totally different light. Derek immediately shifts the discussion to something emotional (the death of his brother Danny) and the possibility of King hitting into someone during his high-speed chase is totally off topic because he didn’t in fact hit anybody. In doing so he uses appeal to fear to commit the fallacy of red herring. Derek’s blatant racism against the â€Å"struggling black man† is shown throughout this scene. Derek refers to King as a â€Å"monkey† twice, which displays his obvious lack of respect towards other races. Derek’s strong racial prejudice is obvious towards the end when he screams anti-Semitic insults at Murray and tells him to get out of the house. But what we’re all wondering (including Davina), â€Å"What is your point, Derek? Derek struggles to make a point that the white cops in the incident were doing their job and being persecuted for it, while Rodney King was no longer the focus of the incident. However, Derek’s arguments contained double standard, false dilemma, and red herring fallacies, which discredit and oversimplify the issue at hand. After Derek returns from jail he realizes that the beliefs that were instilled in him were what caused him to think so irrat ionally and one-sided. The film makes excellent use of a cunning depiction of racists to convey how evil and destructive Derek’s attitude and ideas really were.

Novel Discussion On No Surrender Between The Main Characters

Novel Discussion On No Surrender Between The Main Characters Q. 3 CHOOSE TWO CHARACTERS FROM THE NOVEL YOU HAVE JUST BEEN READING AND DISCUSS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO. WHAT MOTIVATES EACH CHARACTER AND DISCUSS ANY MOTIVATIONAL DIFFERENCES.Since the beginning of time it has always been known for man and woman to coexist, the relationship between the two is very important because the survival of human life depends upon it. The values of life is shared by both man and woman, that is why people fight for their lives but in some cases people do not only fight for the freedom of their lives but for the freedom of someone else's life as well. `No Surrender' is an example of this state of mind, the characters Malenga and Hamish yet both from different backgrounds still have the same value for life.Malenga is a black voluntary worker that was educated in Britain and had returned to her native home of Angola to support others who weren't as lucky to receive health and education.English: Hamish Fulton Italiano: Hamish Fulton al ...

Alphabetical Electron Configuration List of all Elements

Alphabetical Electron Configuration List of all Elements This is an alphabetical electron configuration list of all the elements of the periodic table. While the electronic structure of the lighter elements is well-studied, once you get to the heavier man-made elements, these configurations are predicted or calculated based on periodic table trends. Configurations are estimated from dubnium (element 105) up to ununoctium (element 118). Note the configurations are listed using the noble gas core notation. So, for example, neon is written using this shorthand as [He]2s22p6 rather than 1s22s22p6. The electron configurations of the newly discovered super-heavy elements are predicted. Electrons travel at relativistic speeds in these atoms, so unusual behavior might occur. You may also view the electron configurations of the first 104 elements in order of atomic number. Actinium - [Rn]6d17s2Aluminum  -  [Ne]3s23p1Americium  -  [Rn]5f77s2Antimony  -  [Kr]4d105s25p3Argon  -  [Ne]3s23p6Arsenic  -  [Ar]3d104s24p3Astatine  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p5Barium  -  [Xe]6s2Berkelium  -  [Rn]5f97s2Beryllium  -  [He]2s2Bismuth  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p3Bohrium  -  [Rn]5f146d57s2Boron  -  [He]2s22p1Bromine  -  [Ar]3d104s24p5Cadmium  -  [Kr]4d105s2Calcium  -  [Ar]4s2Californium  -  [Rn]5f107s2Carbon  -  [He]2s22p2Cerium  -  [Xe]4f15d16s2Cesium  -  [Xe]6s1Chlorine  -  [Ne]3s23p5Chromium  -  [Ar]3d54s1Cobalt  -  [Ar]3d74s2Copernicium (formerly ununbium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s2Copper  -  [Ar]3d104s1Curium  -  [Rn]5f76d17s2Darmstadtium  -  [Rn]5f146d97s1Dubnium  -  [Rn]5f146d37s2Dysprosium  -  [Xe]4f106s2Einsteinium  -  [Rn]5f117s2Erbium  -  [Xe]4f126s2Europium  -  [Xe]4f76s2Fermium  -  [Rn]5f127s2Flerovium (formerly ununquadium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 Fluorine  -  [He]2s22p5Francium  -  [Rn]7s1Gadolinium  -  [Xe]4f75d16s2Gallium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p1Germanium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p2Gold  -  [Xe]4f145d106s1Hafnium  -  [Xe]4f145d26s2Hassium  -  [Rn]5f146d67s2Helium  -  1s2Holmium  -  [Xe]4f116s2Hydrogen  -  1s1Indium  -  [Kr]4d105s25p1Iodine  -  [Kr]4d105s25p5Iridium  -  [Xe]4f145d76s2Iron  -  [Ar]3d64s2Krypton  -  [Ar]3d104s24p6Lanthanum  -  [Xe]5d16s2Lawrencium  -  [Rn]5f147s27p1Lead  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p2Lithium  -  [He]2s1Livermorium (formerly ununhexium)  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p4Lutetium  -  [Xe]4f145d16s2Magnesium  -  [Ne]3s2Manganese  -  [Ar]3d54s2Meitnerium  -  [Rn]5f146d77s2Mendelevium  -  [Rn]5f137s2Mercury  -  [Xe]4f145d106s2Molybdenum  -  [Kr]4d55s1Moscovium - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p3 (predicted)Neodymium  -  [Xe]4f46s2Neon  -  [He]2s22p6Neptunium  -  [Rn]5f46d17s2Nickel  -  [Ar]3d84s2Nihonium - [R n] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p1 (predicted)Niobium  -  [Kr]4d45s1Nitrogen  -  [He]2s22p3Nobelium  -  [Rn]5f147s2s2Oganesson - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p6 (predicted)Osmium  -  [Xe]4f145d66s2Oxygen  -  [He]2s22p4Palladium  -  [Kr]4d10Phosphorus  -  [Ne]3s23p3Platinum  -  [Xe]4f145d96s1Plutonium  -  [Rn]5f67s2Polonium  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p4Potassium  -  [Ar]4s1Praseodymium  -  [Xe]4f36s2Promethium  -  [Xe]4f56s2Protactinium  -  [Rn]5f26d17s2Radium  -  [Rn]7s2Radon  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p6Rhenium  -  [Xe]4f145d56s2Rhodium  -  [Kr]4d85s1Roentgenium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s1Rubidium  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Kr]5s1Ruthenium  -  Ã‚  Ã‚  [Kr]4d75s1Rutherfordium  -  [Rn]5f146d27s2Samarium  -  [Xe]4f66s2Scandium  -  [Ar]3d14s2Seaborgium  -  [Rn]5f146d47s2Selenium  -  [Ar]3d104s24p4Silicon  -  [Ne]3s23p2Silver  -  [Kr]4d105s1Sodium  -  [Ne]3s1Strontium  -  [Kr]5s2Sulfur  -  [Ne]3s23p4Tanta lum  -  [Xe]4f145d36s2Technetium  -  [Kr]4d55s2Tellurium  -  [Kr]4d105s25p4Tennessine - [Rn] 5f14  6d10  7s2  7p5 (predicted)Terbium  -  [Xe]4f96s2Thallium  -  [Xe]4f145d106s26p1Thorium  -  [Rn]6d27s2Thulium  -  [Xe]4f136s2Tin  -  [Kr]4d105s25p2Titanium  -  [Ar]3d24s2Tungsten  -  [Xe]4f145d46s2s2Ununoctium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p6Ununpentium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p3Ununseptium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p5Ununtrium  -  [Rn]5f146d107s27p1Uranium  -  [Rn]5f36d17s2Vanadium  -  [Ar]3d34s2Xenon  -  [Kr]4d105s25p6Ytterbium  -  [Xe]4f146s2Yttrium  -  [Kr]4d15s2Zinc  -  [Ar]3d104s2Zirconium  -  [Kr]4d25s2 Reference: Element data from Wolfram Alpha, retrieved 06/09/2015

Lum v rice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lum v rice - Essay Example There was therefore need to correct the wrongs that the ruling had advanced. The solutions were thus to be advanced and the courts to change their position on the equal but separate policy. To solve the racial segregation menace the Waring dissenting in the case of Briggs vs Elliot (1955) seems to be proposing a number of solutions to be resorted to. This was inspired by the reversion of the earlier decisions in the case of Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka (1951) that stated that the courts there was need for quick action I seeing that there is admission of students to schools on a non-discriminatory basis (Briggs v Elliot). The deal with the racial segregation in schools the school authorities had to elucidate, assess and solve the racial issue by proving that their actions had to be guided by good faith. The courts were to be further guided by equitable principles which would call for elimination of obstacles in joining the schools what has been termed as affirmative action against segregation. Further the discriminatory laws were to be revised so as to reflect the non racial admission base to schools. (Briggs v Elliot) Affirmative action in the U.S against racial segregation was aimed at seeing that individuals of all races had equal opportunity to education and other services and to abolish the equal but separated policy that had been seen in the Lum vs Rice Case. As a policy, affirmative action sets up steps that will see the discriminated race is protected by the executive, the judiciary, the legislature and its agents by providing avenues and eliminating any obstacles that would have facilitated the discrimination. This has been seen by the increased lobby by the Civil Rights groups like the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights (LCCR) whose research shows the great success that affirmative action has brought to the discriminated races.(Robyn Kurland) Affirmative action will necessitate the change in law example

Reading Recount Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading Recount - Case Study Example In most instances, different business managements believe that businesses remain profitable when they merge with other businesses, with both operating successfully. Contrary to this projection, many mergers usually end up failing, an aspect that has brought about substantive controversies between the emerging businesses. During the planning phases of projected merges, the involved parties usually concentrate mainly on the aspects pertaining to profitability the merger would bring about to both organizations without giving ado to differences exhibited by the organizations. Lack of this consideration has contributed significantly to poor performance for the merging organizations. In the case study: An Experimental Approach,† the authors bring into perspective the aspects contributing towards the failures of mergers between different organizations. In the case study, one critical aspect addressed by the authors is the idea that cultural difference plays a substantive role towards the failures experienced by different businesses involved in a merger, despite each having experienced success as individual entities. In such a prospect, it is evident that most businesses planning to get into mergers, only concentrate on aspects pertaining to profits while ignoring while ignoring other important aspects pertaining to successful mergers. In spite of the individual entities realizing success, mergers are usually associated with great failure right from of the onset of the merger.

Managing Change in Organisations - Improved HR onboarding process Essay Example for Free

Managing Change in Organisations Improved HR onboarding process Essay The main goal of this change initiative is to improve the financial results of the company by improving the engagement and performance of the new HR employees at Mars, Inc. It’s aimed to be achieved by introducing a new, globally aligned, best-in-class 1-year-long induction process with supporting tools and learning events. The target group of new HR associates1 includes those who joined HR at Mars less than 12 month ago, either from externally (from other company) or internally (from other department). As Mars,Inc. is a large family-owned business with over 100 years of history and globally well known brands. It has unique and mature company culture which is driven by its 5 principles: Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Effectiveness and Freedom. These principles drive the behaviour of the employees at all level of the hierarchy and have been shaping the characteristics of the organisation. Mars, Inc. fits well to ‘elaboration of structure phase’ (Granier 1972) of the organisational life-cycle: the company is led by a team of professional managers and is very much decentralised with a small headquarter. The business units of the countries therefore enjoy a lot of freedom and responsibility to drive the local business effectively. This approach reflects also in the way they shape the processes within the company: the global process standards are mainly just broadly defined with limited (if any) written documentation about them, which lets the local teams shape it and use it as best fits to their needs. As it has the advantage to allow tailor-made solutions to best assist local business objectives, it also has disadvantages. It is not uncommon that extra local resources are needed to shape the process, and when the process has changed too much, it becomes difficult to compare the practices and results of different units. It also often happens that local units come up with very similar best practices after investing significant resources locally in process development, which resources could have been reduced if globally – or at least regionally – someone would have co-ordinated these development initiatives. As part of the company culture, Mars, Inc. refers to employees as associates, therefore in my paper I will use both terms to reflect the same concept. Realising the potential of this kind of centralisation led the business leaders to setting up global functional centres of expertise, like the Mars University (Mars U) is for learning and development within Mars, Inc. The Mars U is responsible for designing and deploying world-class learning programs, which enable the competency building of employees, so they can achieve their full potential in contributing to the business to achieve its goals. It has matrix structure and its smaller teams are set up by functions (named â€Å"Colleges† of HR, finance, supply, etc.), regions (they coordinate the deployment of functional development programs in a region) and special learning and development related areas (like learning technology). Mars U therefore faces the challenge of balancing between centralisation and decentralisation by providing centrally defined and globally aligned learning solutions in a matrix organisation with decentralised leadership. That is the same challenge in case of the new induction process initiative. In the near past an introductory training program existed for new HR employees, which was similar in all the regions, but inconsistent in content, so it gave a lot of space for local solutions to flower. Moving from this decentralised approach to a more centralised one may cause push backs from the associates in these local units, thus careful change management is essential. Nature of change By assessing the nature of change based on the description above, this change can be categorised with the terms of Ackerman (1997) as ‘transitional’ as the intention is to â€Å"achieve () a desired state† by setting up a globally aligned world-class induction process for new HR associates, which is a significant difference from the current decentralised approach. One can argue whether it is not defined as ‘transformational change’ as it can result a difference in an organisational process and change in the culture, but as it won’t change fundamentally neither areas, the definition of ‘transitional change’ fits better in this case. To give a full picture about the nature of change, it need to be emphasised that after finishing this particular change project, the change itself will not stop, it will continue as ‘developmental change’ by continuously improving the set up induction process. From another perspective, using the categories of Mintzberg and Waters (1985) this change initiative can be identified as ‘determined’ or planned change as the goal, that need to be achieved, is clearly set, as well as the process how to get there. It does not mean though, that ‘emergent’ changes will not come up during the project, as it may happen that a locally designed induction process which works well will have an improving effect on the globally designed process and tools to ensure the implementation of the best possible practices. Drivers of the change This change initiative has mainly internal triggers. First and foremost, improve the productivity of every new HR associates by providing them all the essential knowledge, competencies and network they need in their new role. Improving their engagement level is also an important trigger, as engaged associates have usually better performance and they less likely to leave the business (Buckingham and Coffman, 2005). In case of HR department, better performance of associates, among other things, could lead to better internal and external customer satisfaction or decrease of costs by effective ways of working, while improved retention cut the costs and time invested in recruitment and training of a new employee. Although the internal triggers are more relevant in this case, the external drivers also need to be mentioned. Mars, Inc. had several acquisitions in the last few years which led to an incoherent culture in the different business segments. To enable exchangeability of human resources and best practices, setting up centrally aligned processes is a key. Also, considering that Mars, Inc. operates in a quickly changing market (FMCG), being innovative and best-in-class in its processes could ensure competitive advantage and retention of employees. Nonetheless, the change needs to be done in a global environment fitting to the expectations of different cultures in different regions. Key Stakeholders As in case of most major changes in an organisation, winning the support of top level management is essential. In this case the management means the Global HR Leadership Team of Mars, Inc. who also plays the role of sponsor of the project and expected to play a key role by being role model in using the new induction process. Their influence is very high as they could stop or change this initiative any time. Their attitude toward the change to be expected very positive, still, contracting with them is critical as many priority projects are currently going on in the business so need to ensure proper focus. Driving the change process requires change agents to ensure smooth implementation: the Mars U associates in the regions and other (local) learning or talent development specialists. As the project aligns well with their general purpose of their roles – to improve associates capabilities, – their attitude is expected to be positive. As they will play the role of connecting the project leaders with associates in their regions or units, their influence is also very high, but mainly only in their area of responsibility. The communication and deployment of the change will focus mainly on the HR managers as they will be the most affected by the change, as they need to change their ways of working the most. Thus, 5 their attitude can be either positive or negative depending how valuable the new process seems to them. Their influence can be high in the area of their responsibility – so the more senior the manager is the higher is the influence. Also important stakeholders, but less influential, are the new HR associates. The new process is all about them, but from change management perspective they play a smaller role, as their attitude to be expected very positive. In any case, careful communication toward them needs to be planned to ensure their full involvement in the process and gain feedback from them to identify potential areas for improvements. There are also some other key stakeholders, like the trainers of the courses, whose contribution to the success can be very important, but as they are interchangeable in the roles, their influence on the process can be categorised as moderate. Furthermore, there are some other subject matter experts (e.g. learning technology or global communication specialists), who will be involved during the design and communication phases, but their influence is rather small and their attitude is expected to be supportive. Management objectives To summarise the main objective, the goal is to implement in all business segments and units of Mars, Inc. a newly designed, globally aligned, efficient and engaging functional induction process with its supporting tools (guides and learning modules) for every new HR employees, which supports their development in the first 12 months after joining in their new role and covers the essential Mars specific knowledge and provides network needed for achieving high performance. The new process and tools should be used by mid of 2013 in all business units. Task 2 For a successful change project it’s not only important to see where we would like to go, but to be able to define how we will get there, we need a careful and detailed analysis on where we are at the moment. Besides a general process overview in the organisation (e.g. by the support of models like ‘McKinsey 7S’ (Waterman et al. 1980) or ‘Burke-Litwin Causal model’ (Burke Litwin, 1992)), we also need to understand why do we have the problem in our organisation. For this we may use problem analysis models, like the ‘Fishbone diagram’ or the ‘5 Whys?’ (Taiichi 1988) model. Input-Transformation-Output model To better understand the functional induction process, by the ‘Input-Transformation-Output model’ (RDI, 2012a) the main elements can be summarised visually: This model can support the planning process in several ways. It is easier for the change leaders to identify the key stakeholders (see the detailed stakeholder analysis above), to keep objectives always in mind and focus on the processes which need to be changed in order to be able to achieve the desired output. Furthermore, it gives a great overview about who shall be involved in reviewing and developing the process by providing feedback before, during and after the change. Nonetheless, it is essential to be clear on both the transformed and transforming resources required for the whole process to avoid disturbance due to the lack of them. Cause-and-Effect Analysis After having a broader overview of the issue, before taking any actions, a thorough problem analysis is a must. Even though having an initial idea about what can improve the current situation, in a complex organisation with a huge overall impact of the topic, the change leader need to ensure addressing the right issues and providing the right solutions based on that. In defining all the relevant causes of a problem can help the Cause-and-Effect Analysis (Ishikawa, 1968) or Fishbone diagram. In case of our described example, the model looks like this: After defining the list of important causes, the major ones to be selected by the analysing team then the potential actions can be planned. When it’s presented to the management team, their duty is then to decide on which topics to focus on the actions. In this example case, a globally aligned process with supporting tools and metrics are very much missing. When it’s designed and ready to be deployed, then these should be available to all HR managers to be able to drive the induction processes locally and measure their own efficiency. Plan the change After the green light of the management team concerning the project initiative, can start the proper, detailed planning: the development of the change strategy, in which the desired outcome, key actions, milestones, action owners and resources needs are defined. Winning the commitment of the key stakeholders also need to be carefully planned with a supporting communication plan. As unexpected situations are likely to disturb the planned flow of actions, to minimise the potential disturbance, a risk analysis in advance of doing actions can help the project management team to prepare for these scenarios or totally avoid them. Also, a continuous review of the change project is highly recommended to ensure the project execution is on track to achieve the project goal (see the 8 potential feedback sources in the Input-Output model) – this also can be part of the change strategy plan. The next step is then to execute the plan. When unexpected situations happen, continuous adjustments of the plan may be required to ensure proper improvement and keep the progress to achieve the final goal. After all planned actions are executed, the project leader should control that the project goal has been achieved as defined. If no, the project still continues. If yes, the project shall be formally closed with the involvement of the project sponsors and the success should be feed back to the key stakeholders. Task 3 Business Process Transformation Although Mars, Inc. in this situation chose to go on with a change project concentrating on only one function (HR) to improve its induction process, using the Business Process Transformation (BPT), i.e. Business Process Re-engineering model could have led to better results. By talking generally about the BPT model, one can say that improving the customer engagement and cutting the operational costs by improving and simplifying processes (cross-functional) within the company, is in the heart of this approach (Hammer 1990). Let use the definition of re-engineering by Hammer and Champy (1993) to show the key characteristics of this model: the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary modern measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed. This approach is one of the favourites currently in change management, as it promises â€Å"dramatic improvements† in business performance and customer satisfaction, even though it has its own challenges. The most important is that it requires a holistic view from the business leaders to face the issues within an organisation. It needs broad perspective to be able to come out of functional silos and to view the process as a whole, from the very beginning till the very end. If the change project happens only within a single function, there is high probability of missing some important opportunities of improvement. By using the example of Mars, a cross-functional approach could lead to a different, although very thorough solution – like implementing a standardised, world-class induction experience in every part of the company, during which the new employees can learn the most important functional and business knowledge to best support the customer focused processes. Based on its holistic view, the BPT approach requires more complexity from change management perspective as well as total alignment and drive from the top management team. The process improvement strategy should be aligned with the vision, mission and business strategy of the company, while the desired behaviours and key performance indicators should be also clearly defined and communicated to support the process and the measure of success (RDI 2012b). The process improvement initiative should start with a company-wide analysis of the current situation, keeping in mind not only how the processes can be simplified, but also what could be the benefits for the customers by the change initiative. The analysis then will be followed by the definition of the detailed plan: to where and how the company would like to get. To achieve great improvement in company results, increasing the amount of invested efforts and resources and high risk taking is unavoidable – although most probably in mid- and long-term the investment of these extra resources will pay. All these mentioned characteristics of the model lead to the fact that this model can’t be used without a heavy top down and centralised approach due to its holistic nature and complexity. Starting a process improvement initiative from any other level of the organisation without the full support and involvement of the company top leaders can lead to only a temporary and restricted (to a region or function) solution. Managing the implementation of the change at Mars, Inc. Although the change project defined by Mars also intends to improve the measures mentioned in the re-engineering definition, the main difference lies in the adjectives used by the authors: dramatic, fundamental and radical. So in this case we can’t really talk about BPT approach, as it would rather mean taking the whole on-boarding and induction process in all functions of the company and use that to work on, even though it could be very beneficial for the company. Also, without winning the top management support for a holistic change approach, the project leader of this initiative better use a general Change management (RDI 2012c), or preferably, the Total Quality Management (TQM) 2 methodology with using some holistic OD models – like the ‘Burke-Litwin model’ (Burke Litwin 1992) or the ‘McKinsey 7S model’ (Waterman et al. 1980) – for analysing the potential areas of change interventions. Definition of TQM by Kanji (1990): â€Å"TQM is the way of life of an organization committed to customer satisfaction through continuous improvement. This way of life varies from organisation to organisation and from one country to another but has certain principles which can be implemented to secure market share, increase profits and reduce costs.† The principles of the TQM approach fits well to the culture of Mars, Inc. by focusing on continuous improvement opportunities, on customer needs and motivating employees at all level of the organisation to take part of this and drive innovations. It also reflects in all of the 5 principles of the company3. The management style also resonates well with the principles of TQM, as it engages the collaborative company culture with empowering and motivating the employees to drive continuous improvement for achieving better quality in everything within the business. Although a lot of things fit well to use this model for the change case at Mars, to fully benefit of the TQM methodology, the project leader and the participants shall be skilled to use all its principles to achieve the best possible result, which is currently not yet the case. Task 4 Measure of Success – Processes There are certain elements of the change process, which we can check and measure during and after the project to evaluate the success. Firstly, it is inevitable to set with involvement and communicate to the key stakeholders a clear vision, a well defined ‘S.M.A.R.T. objective’ (Doran, 1981) and some key performance indicators regarding the desired end result of the change initiative. Additionally, it is also important element of the second success factor, which is the level of commitment to the change of the key stakeholders. During the implementation phase, the success of the process can be measured at the key milestones: whether they were achieved on time by providing good quality results within the allocated resource limits. In this phase, the ability of flexible to any disturbance and opportunities through the process is also essential, to keep or even improve the result quality of the change, or to use less resources to achieve the original goal. It may be measured by reaction the quickness of the response or the amount of extra resources needed to keep the good progress. In connection to this, reviewing the key challenges and capturing the lessons learnt for the future also shows the efficiency of the process. Last, but not least, a clear project closure can also indicate how well the project went. Measure of Success – Outcomes If we have a closer look on the change initiative of Mars, Inc., the desired outcome which we wish to measure lies in the main objective4. The company’s main goal is to improve the efficiency and Quality, Mutuality, Responsibility, Effectiveness and Freedom For details see the Management Objective paragraph performance of the new HR employees. As HR is a support department with less direct impact on financial results and the quality of end products than other areas in the business, measuring these goals may be difficult, especially if we need to focus on only the new employee. So it’s advised to define other measures, like the individual performance or future career potential of the new employee, which can be measured by the company globally standardized performance evaluation system. Although the improved employee performance is difficult to be described with exact figures, we can also use historical data to compare the past and the present, and measure factors which can influence performance (e.g. the Line Manager’s evaluation of the performance or the engagement level of the new associate). Besides the employee performance, the efficiency of the new process shall be measured as well (e.g. could we involve everybody we intended to use the new process). Furthermore, as in case of all change projects, defining the return on investment can show the level of success. For example the cost of resource investment of the change project may be compared with the amount of money were saved by better retention of the new associates. By measuring the outcome of a new process we also need to investigate the resource needs of sustaining the process efficiently on long term. 1References: Ackerman, L., 1997, Development, transition or transformation: the question of change in organisations. In: Van Eynde, D., Hoy, J and Van Eynde, D (eds) Organisation Development Classics. San Francisco, Jossey Bass. Buckingham, M. and Coffman, C., 2005. First, Break All The Rules: What the Worlds Great Managers Do Differently. Simon Schuster. Burke, W. W. and Litwin, G. H., 1992. A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18 (3), 523-545. Doran, G. T., 1981. Theres a S.M.A.R.T. way to write managements goals and objectives. Management Review, Volume 70, Issue 11, pp. 35-36.

The American Economy Essay -- Economics Governmental Automobiles Essay

The American Economy The American economy is a vibrant, free-market system that is constantly developing out of the choices and decisions made by millions of citizens who play multiple, often overlapping roles as consumers, producers, investors and voters. The changes in the organization and performances of the manufacturing industry over the last century have helped shape the American economy. The Automotive industry perhaps made the biggest changes to their manufacturing processes. I will be reviewing the role of the industrialist Henry Ford and his innovative methods that changed the organization and performance of the American manufacturing industry forever. He produced an affordable car, paid high wages and helped create a middle class, which in turn fueled the America Industrial revolution into overdrive mode. I will also review the impact of these performance and organizational changes on the service sector and the agricultural industry. But first we look at the automotive industry. The requirements for mass production of a particular commodity must include the existence of mass consumption of the commodity, sufficient to justify large investment. Most early automobile companies were small shops, hundreds of which each produced a few handmade cars, predominately sold to the rich. In America almost all of the producers were assemblers who put together components and parts that were manufactured by separate firms. The assembly technique also lent itself to an advantageous method of financing. It was possible to begin building motor vehicles with minimal investment of capital by buying parts on credit and selling the finished cars for cash; the cash sale from manufacturer to dealer has been integral in the marketing of motor vehicles in the United States ever since. The outstanding contribution of the automotive industry to technological advance was the introduction of full-scale mass production, a process combining precision, consistency, interchangeability, organization, and continuity. America, with its large population, high standard of living, and long distances, was the natural birthplace of the technique, which had been partly explored by agricultural methods, in the 19th century. The U.S. role was emphasized in the popular description of standardization and interchangeability as "the American system of manufacture." The fundamental te... ... But during times of hardship, economy downturns or even long-term recession, a basic instinct of survival takes over. As a rule, consumers look for the best values for what they spend, while producers seek the best price and profit for what they have to sell. Government, at the federal, state and local levels, seeks to promote the public safety, assure reasonable competition. The U.S. economy has changed in other ways as well. The population and the labor force have moved dramatically from farms to cities, from fields to factories and, above all, to service industries. In today's economy, the providers of personal and public services far outnumber producers of agricultural and manufacture goods. The consumer will exert a measure of influence over the market economy. Naturally, most consumers look for good values when they buy, as well as product reliability and safety. If one automobile manufacturer, domestic or foreign, produces a better car at a lower price, the market will b egin to shift as that car attracts more sales than its competitors. In theory, this phenomenon rewards efficient producers who maintain high quality at low prices, and drives out those who cannot compete.

Understanding the Supply Chain Sunil Chopra

CHAPTER ONE Discussion Questions 1. Consider the purchase of a can of soda at a convenience store. Describe the various stages in the supply chain and the different flows involved. When a customer purchases a can of soda at a convenience store, his purchase represents the end of a supply chain’s delivery of an item and the beginning of information regarding his purchase flowing in the opposite direction. The supply chain stages include customers, retailers, wholesalers/distributors, manufacturers, and component/raw material suppliers. A customer’s purchase moves product towards the customer and dollars and information towards the retailer.The retailer places an order from the wholesaler/distributor to replenish stock, thereby moving information back up the supply chain while moving product down the supply chain. As the order is filled, the retailer will move dollars back up the supply chain. The wholesaler/distributor transmits information and dollars to the manufacture r who produces product and ships it down the supply chain to the wholesaler. Finally (or initially, depending on your perspective) the manufacturer moves orders (information) and dollars towards suppliers in exchange for material flow into their production processes. 2.Why should a firm like Dell take into account total supply chain profitability when making decisions? Dell realizes that their ultimate success lies with the success of their supply chain and its ability to generate supply chain surplus. If Dell was to view supply chain operations as a zero sum game, they would lose their competitive edge as their suppliers’ businesses struggled. Dell’s profit gained at the expense of their supply chain partners would be short lived. Just as a physical chain is only as strong as its weakest link, the supply chain can be successful only if all members cooperate and focus on a lobal optimum rather than many local optima. 3. What are some strategic planning and operational decisions that must be made by an apparel retailer like The Gap? As The Gap plans supply chain strategy it must first consider the marketing function’s pricing plans in order to structure a supply chain consistent with these plans. Strategic considerations such as the capacity of each supplier and assembly operations, sourcing decisions and how logistics are to be handled are all part of the design. The supply chain must also settle on communication channels and frequencies.Supply chain planning takes the strategic decisions as a given and seeks to exploit efficiencies in the chain to maximize supply chain surplus. The entire chain should collaborate in forecasting and planning production to achieve a global optimum. The forecasts should take into account planned promotions and known seasonal fluctuations in demand. The operational decision takes the plans as a given and makes day-to-day decisions to process customer orders, allocate resources to certain customers, trigger or ders from supply chain members, and deliver product. 4. Consider the supply chain involved when a customer purchases a book at a bookstore.Identify cycles in this supply chain and the location of the push/pull boundary. All supply chain processes can be broken down into four process cycles that connect the five stages of the supply chain; the customer order cycle, the replenishment cycle, the manufacturing cycle, and the procurement cycle. The customer order cycle connects the customer with the retailer; this connection is made as the book, perhaps Supply Chain Management by Chopra and Meindl, is selected and paid for by the customer. The replenishment cycle connects the retailer and the distributor and is triggered by the retailer’s need to fill the empty shelf space with nother copy of this tome. The manufacturing cycle connects the distributor and the manufacturer. As demand for the book is realized and distributors empty their warehouses, they signal the manufacturer to p rint another million copies to fill their empty warehouses. Finally, the procurement cycle connects the manufacturer and the supplier. The manufacturer requires raw material inputs of paper, ink, etc. , to begin the assembly process for another batch of Supply Chain Management. The push/pull boundary exists where demand switches from reactive (pull) to speculative (push) production.For most bookstore supply chains the push/pull boundary is between the customer order cycle and the replenishment cycle. The customer order pulls the book from the book store shelf but the initial production of the book was triggered by a build order that moved materials along the supply chain to the retail outlet. 5. Consider the supply chain involved when a customer orders a book from Amazon. Identify the push/pull boundary and two processes each in the push and pull phases. In Amazon’s original operations design the push/pull boundary existed betwixt the retailer (Amazon) and their distributor.A mazon ordered product from the distributor and the customer order arrived. Today, Amazon has six warehouses where it stocks an inventory of items it is confident that will sell. In this scenario, the push/pull boundary exists between the customer and the retailer. Processes in the pull phase are the order fulfillment, shipping, customer returns, and customer billing. Processes in the push phase are production, stock replenishments, shipping, and payment. 6. In what way do supply chain flows affect the success or failure of a firm like Amazon?List two supply chain decisions that have a significant impact on supply chain profitability. The success or failure of a company like Amazon is decided by the effective function of its supply chain. The flow of products from publishers to distributors to customers must be rapid and reliable in order to satisfy customers. The flow of information back through the supply chain allows all members to coordinate efforts. The flow of money allows all supply chain members to maintain operations. Supply chain profitability is influenced by sourcing, promotion, and fulfillment decisions.

Native Americans in the United States and African American Cowboys

Tenzin Dolkar APUSH, DAY-2-2 TO WHOM AND TO WHAT EXTENT WAS THE AMERICAN WEST A LAND OF OPPORTUNITY 1865 – 1890 During the year of 1865 to 1890, the American’s west land was a land of economic development for Native American, white settlers from the east across the Mississippi farmers, miners, ranchers and as well as African American cowboys and immigrants for Irish and Chines, moving west for goal of economic achievement and their position for profit.First, the Native Americans people opened the way of exploitation of the west land naturel environment. The Dawes Act, which turned Indians into landowners and farmers and distributed 160 acres for farming, designed Indians as individual rather than a group of tribes. The railroad made their trip easier, which Pacific Railroad Act was passed in 186, law allowed construction of new transportation systems.The Act also provided grants of land and limited jobs for immigrants’ worker on railroad, especially Chines immigr ants worked for a lower wage and discovered millions of gold and silvers. The immigrants worked for a wealthy white settler in the west. Moreover, the railroad opened faster access for transportation for castles, miners and all the peoples, who were making money. Including the Homestead Act was passed; its offered 160 acres of land for any settlers live on the land for five or more years with little registration fees.It helped poor people to achieve economic business and farmers who needed more land, were permitted to purchase of up to 160 acres of land for $2. 50. The farmers took advantage of Westland by doing international market, which mostly depended on railroads for shipment. Even farmers had difficulties of weather conditions, the produced the agricultural business by the Bonanza farm. The farmers were hopes to getting rich soon.Together with the African American cowboys and cattle industry turned into a new marker as well. Because of Indians on to new reservation and the rai lroad opportunities bring them easier transportation anywhere in urban markets; without the railroads the new business were take a time to make money . In brief, west land was a place of a new beginning for people who were moving for seeking life and opportunities and hoping to get rich. The wealthy white settlers made the most profit in Westland.

Introduction To Social Media Analysis Marketing Essay Example

Introduction To Social Media Analysis Marketing Essay Example Introduction To Social Media Analysis Marketing Essay Introduction To Social Media Analysis Marketing Essay picture confab, and personal messaging within all-purpose societal networking sites provide intimate communicating channels comparable to phone calls and face-to-face office meetings. Social media can assist persons make out to moderate-sized groups of friends or familiarities by airing a personal message ( e.g. , a tweet sent to a user s followings on Twitter ; a station sent to a departmental email list ) or leting others to catch a remark ( a station to person s Facebook wall ) . They can besides let persons to make big groups through popular web log stations, podcasts, pictures posted on sites like YouTube, or updates on Twitter by companies or famous persons with legion followings. Purpose of the Research Thousands of people are gaining immense sum of money through Social Media, This research will assist to understand that when one individual enters into societal media, what is his way and where does he travel? This Research will besides assist to understand that how can a individual earn from a peculiar societal web web site. Research Questions To understand the form of browse of persons utilizing societal media web. To look into the consciousness among the people of gaining through societal media. How an person can gain through Social Media in Pakistan? How this form can be used to derive maximal end product in on-line advertisement. DELIVERABLE III Medium of Research Social Network Theory Social web analysis is the application of the broader field of web scientific discipline to the survey of human relationships and connexions. Social webs are aboriginal ; they have a history that long predates systems like Facebook and Friendster, and even the first email message. Ever since anyone exchanged aid with anyone else, societal webs have existed, even if they were largely unseeable. Social webs are created from any aggregation of connexions among a group of people and things. Social web analysis helps you explore and visualize forms found within aggregations of coupled entities that include people. From the position of societal web analysis, the treelike org-chart that normally represents the hierarchal construction of an organisation or endeavor is excessively simple and lacks of import information about the cross connexions that exist between and across sections and divisions. In contrast with the simplified tree construction of an org-chart, a societal web position of an organisation or population leads to the creative activity of visual images that resemble maps of main road systems, air hose paths, or rail webs Network analysts see the universe as a aggregation of interrelated pieces. Those analyzing societal webs see relationships as the edifice blocks of the societal universe, each set of relationships uniting to make emergent forms of connexions among people, groups, and things. The focal point of societal web analysis is between, non within people. Whereas traditional societal scientific discipline research methods such as studies focus on persons and their properties ( e.g. , gender, age, income ) , web scientists focus on the connexions that bind persons together, non entirely on their internal qualities or abilities. This alteration in focal point from property informations to relational informations dramatically affects how informations are collected, represented, and analyzed. Social web analysis complements methods that focus more narrowly on persons, adding a critical dimension that captures the connective tissue of societies and other complex mutualities. Once a set of societal media webs has been constructed and societal web measurings have been calculated, the ensuing informations set can be used for many applications. For illustration, web informations sets can be used to make studies about community wellness, comparings of subgroups, and designation of of import persons, every bit good as in applications that rank, kind, comparison, and hunt for content and experts. The value of a societal web attack is the ability to inquire and reply inquiries that are non available to other methods. This means concentrating on relationships. Although analysts, sellers, and decision makers frequently track societal media engagement statistics, they seldom consider relationships. Traditional engagement statistics can supply of import penetrations about the battle of a community, but can state small about the connexions between community members. Network analysis can assist explicate of import societal phenomena such as group formation, group cohe rence, societal functions, personal influence, and overall community wellness. Significance of Research Social media selling is the procedure of advancing your site or concern through societal media channels and it is a powerful scheme that will acquire you links, attending and monolithic sums of traffic. There is no other low-priced promotional method out at that place that will easy give you big Numberss of visitants, some of whom may come back to your web site once more and once more. If you are selling products/services or merely publication content for ad gross, societal media selling is a powerful method that will do your site profitable over clip. ( Maki, 2007 ) Restrictions Following are the issues which could be faced during the research: Lack of consciousness of using societal media among people in Pakistan. No anterior research available. DELIVERABLE IV LITERATURE REVIEW Social Media Selling Social media selling is the manner of advancing your concern or sites through different societal media channels and it is an effectual program that will billow traffic to your sites, acquire more links and hold on the attending of people. It is one of the low cost web site or merchandise promotion method. It grasps more figure of visitants, some of whom may repeatedly see the web site. If you are in a concern which deals with selling merchandises or services, so societal media selling is one of the effectual ways that will do your site profitable over a period of clip. Those who do non cognize the worth of societal media sites autumn into three different classs ( 1 ) the 1 who do non anything about societal media selling ( 2 ) one who are interested and do non cognize to utilize the societal media ( 3 ) the 1 who do non hold assurance in the worth that a societal media selling can convey in. Why Social Media? Presents Blogs are even ranked higher than the inactive web sites because of their relevant content and their fresh ideas which meet the hunts standards to come on top places. The more links you have the better your site will be ranked by hunt engines. When your web site receives more natural lasting links, it builds more genuineness of your site and physiques search engine trust on your web site. This helps to acquire ranked even with competitory keywords. societal media is a indispensable tool for advancing your site and it s truly a worthy method to acquire into celebrity. ( 1 ) Social media selling helps you to acquire more natural links to your site and your web site is exposed in forepart of more people which helps yo to drive more traffic on your web site. ( 2 ) It s a reliable method, if you utilize it decently and successfully, societal communities help you to drive traffic more than the old sum traffic you received from the hunt engine. ( 3 ) Social media selling is a community based selling method, and this does nt harm several other methods that drive traffic to the web sites on a regular basis Social media selling helps to acquire celebrated all around the Earth. Social media sites includes on-line communities, societal webs, web logs, wikis and another type of media for selling, gross revenues and client support.. The different types of societal media selling tools include facebook, orkut, hi5, chirrup, Linkedin, web logs, YouTube and Flickr. The societal media marketing Acts of the Apostless as a cheapeest method of advertisement. It is seen that societal media marketing Acts of the Apostless as one of the taking concern locale to utilize. Nowadays concern engineering purchasers take part more socially to advance their concern. Constructing a attractive web site may take more sum of clip and attempts. Geting ranked in hunt engine can take old ages, in order to construct a competitory place. Social media selling helps you to acquire immense sum of traffic in a individual twenty-four hours. Once you become cognizant of societal media tools the it would be easy for you to catch audience and to fulfill their demands. The fast growing of Social Media Marketing shows the hereafter of cyberspace in societal media selling. The major participants in the societal media market may revolutionise themselves in class off clip and online concern peoples besides have to alter their tendencies harmonizing to it. With societal media marketing you can easy vie with the opposite numbers and achieve the terminal in concern. The Value of Marketing through Social News Web sites For those who do nt understand or see the value of societal media web sites, allow s take a expression at the benefits of making viral content and efficaciously advancing them through societal media channels. Developing nexus come-ons and successfully acquiring it popular on assorted societal media web sites like Digg and StumbleUpon will take to multiple benefits fo

Biography of Charles Darwin, 19th Century Naturalist

Biography of Charles Darwin, 19th Century Naturalist Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809–April 19, 1882) was a naturalist who originated the theory of evolution through the process of natural selection. Darwin holds a unique place in history as the foremost proponent of this theory. While he lived a relatively quiet and studious life, his writings were controversial in their day and still routinely spark controversy. As an educated young man, he embarked on an astounding voyage of discovery aboard a Royal Navy ship. Strange animals and plants he saw in remote places inspired his deep thinking about how life might have developed. And when he published his masterpiece, On the Origin of Species, he profoundly shook up the scientific world. Darwins influence on modern science is impossible to overstate. Fast Facts: Charles Darwin Known For: Originating the theory of evolution through natural selectionBorn: February 12, 1809 in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, EnglandParents: Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah WedgwoodDied: April 19, 1882 in Downe, Kent, EnglandEducation: Edinburgh University, Scotland, Cambridge University, EnglandPublished Works: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural SelectionAwards and Honors:  Royal Medal, Wallaston Medal, Copley Medal (all for outstanding achievements in the sciences)Spouse: Emma WedgwoodChildren: William Erasmus Darwin, Anne Elizabeth Darwin, Mary Eleanor Darwin, Henrietta Emma Darwin, George Howard Darwin, Elizabeth Darwin, Francis Darwin, Leonard Darwin, Horace Darwin, Charles Waring Darwin Notable Quote: â€Å"In the struggle for survival, the fittest win out at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment.† Early Life Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. His father was a medical doctor, and his mother was the daughter of the famous potter Josiah Wedgwood. Darwin’s mother died when he was 8, and he was essentially raised by his older sisters. He was not a brilliant student as a child, but he went on to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland, at first intending to become a doctor. Darwin took a strong dislike to medical education and eventually studied at Cambridge. He planned to become an Anglican minister before becoming intensely interested in botany. He received a degree in 1831. Voyage of the Beagle On the recommendation of a college professor, Darwin was accepted to travel on the second voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle. The ship was embarking on a scientific expedition to South America and islands of the South Pacific, leaving in late December 1831. The Beagle returned to England nearly five years later, in October 1836. Darwins position on the ship was peculiar. A former captain of the vessel had become despondent during a long scientific voyage because, it was assumed, he had no intelligent person to converse with while at sea. The British Admiralty thought sending an intelligent young gentleman along on a voyage would serve a combined purpose: he could study and make records of discoveries while also providing intelligent companionship for the captain. Darwin was chosen to go aboard. Darwin spent more than 500 days at sea and about 1,200 days on land during the trip. He studied plants, animals, fossils, and geological formations and wrote his observations in a series of notebooks. During long periods at sea, he organized his notes. In the Galapagos The Beagle spent about five weeks in the Galapagos Islands. During that time, Darwin made a series of observations that had a significant impact on his new theories about natural selection. He was particularly intrigued by his discovery of major differences between species on different islands. He wrote: The distribution of tenants of this archipelago would not be nearly so wonderful if, for instance, one island has a mocking-thrush and a second island some other quite distinct species... But it is the circumstance that several of the islands possess their own species of tortoise, mocking-thrush, finches, and numerous plants, these species having the same general habits, occupying analogous situations, and obviously filling the same place in the natural economy of this archipelago, that strikes me with wonder. Darwin visited four of the Galapagos Islands, including Chatham Island (now San Cristobal), Charles (now Floreana), Albemarle, and James (now Santiago). He spent much of his time sketching, collecting specimens, and observing animals and their behavior. His discoveries would change the scientific world and rock the foundations of Western religion. Early Writings Three years after returning to England, Darwin published the Journal of Researches, an account of his observations during the expedition aboard the Beagle. The book was an entertaining account of Darwins scientific travels and was popular enough to be published in successive editions. Darwin also edited five volumes titled Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, which contained contributions by other scientists. Darwin himself wrote sections dealing with the distribution of animal species and geological notes on fossils he had seen. Development of Darwins Thinking The voyage on the Beagle was, of course, a highly significant event in Darwin’s life, but his observations on the expedition were hardly the only influence on the development of his theory of natural selection. He was also greatly influenced by what he was reading. In 1838 Darwin read an Essay on the Principle of Population, which the British philosopher Thomas Malthus had written 40 years earlier. The ideas of Malthus helped Darwin refine his own notion of â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwins Ideas of Natural Selection Malthus had been writing about overpopulation and discussed how some members of society were able to survive difficult living conditions. After reading Malthus, Darwin kept collecting scientific samples and data, eventually spending 20 years refining his own thoughts on natural selection. Darwin married Emma Wedgwood in 1839. Illness prompted him to move from London to the country in 1842. His scientific studies continued, and he spent years studying various lifeforms to better understand their evolutionary processes. Publication of His Masterpiece Darwin’s reputation as a naturalist and geologist had grown throughout the 1840s and 1850s, yet he had not revealed his ideas about natural selection widely. Friends urged him to publish them in the late 1850s; it was the publication of an essay by Alfred Russell Wallace expressing similar thoughts that encouraged Darwin to write a book setting out his own ideas. In July 1858, Darwin and Wallace appeared together at the Linnean Society of London. And in November 1859, Darwin published the book that secured his place in history: On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection. Death On the Origin of Species was published in several editions, with Darwin periodically editing and updating material in the book. And while society debated Darwins work, he lived a quiet life in the English countryside, content to conduct botanical experiments. He was highly respected, regarded as a grand old man of science. He died on April 19, 1882, and was honored by being buried at Westminster Abbey in London. Legacy Charles Darwin was not the first person to propose that plants and animals adapt to circumstances and evolve over eons of time. But Darwins book put forth his hypothesis in an accessible format and led to controversy. Darwins theories had an almost immediate impact on religion, science, and society at large. Sources â€Å"Charles Darwin: Gentleman Naturalist.† Darwin Online.Desmond, Adrian J. â€Å"Charles Darwin.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019.Liu, Joseph, and Joseph Liu. â€Å"Darwin and His Theory of Evolution.† Pew Research Centers Religion Public Life Project, 19 Mar. 2014.

Business & Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business & Leadership - Essay Example Part two of the video accesses strengths and weaknesses of each leadership style and demonstrates ways and adapting your leadership styles to change business circumstances. In this part the video explains how the subordinates of the leader determine the appropriate leadership styles for the different situation measured by their response to your leadership style. Part three of the video looks at the persona of a leader. The personality and character attributes team members of an organization expects to find in their leader. The video explains the need for the leaders to adapt to changing organizational situations. The commentator of the video clearly states that the purpose of the video is to help an individual develop his or her own personal leadership styles. Critical Analysis By defining four distinct management approaches, the video strengthens an individual’s leadership skills as supervisor or a manager. It is obvious that diverse management situations in any organization will demand different leadership styles from the leader. It is also true that different employees in the different organization respond differently to the methods of direction provided by their leaders. However, there are standard leadership styles that define a better leadership in any organization and employees will undeniably respond and corporate well to better leadership, which in turn promotes sustainable productions and profitability for the organizations (Be prepared to lead). A critical analysis of this video shows that its purpose is to demonstrate those standard leadership styles and what traits a good leader should possess. This leadership video aids the leaders or any individual who may be placed in a leadership position sometime in their lives those leadership skills and style that they would employ when the tough situations rises in their place of leadership. The video also describes how employees respond differently to the various leadership methods, and explains how the natural approaches of the leader can be modified to facilitate better response from the employees. This is a helpful video because it helps to develop great leaders in all levels of the organizational structure. When for example, we have a good supervisor in the lower level management, of the organizational structure, productivity increases from this level and climbs all the way to the top-level management (Be prepared to lead). The atmosphere is also improved throughout the business environment and the top level managers also are relieved of unnecessary hustles because of the good response corporation they receive from their junior staff. The video teaches an individual how to: Take initiative. Recognize their leadership potentials. Build their leadership traits. Earn the trust of their employees. Build the vision and communication skills. Recognize the various leadership mistakes that happen in organizations. Develop their own personal leadership styles. The video also encour ages the leaders to treat the juniors fairly, develop their team, admit their mistakes, and build the community. It is worth noting that the video demonstrates that good leadership skills is what makes an individual a leader but the willingness of others to follow that leader is what makes a good leader. This is the reason the video has not only looked